Roadway Design Plan and Profile Drawing

two.4 Road Construction Plans

This department explains how to use roadway technology views for revegetation planning, including determining the vegetation zones that begin where the pavement ends. A glossary with illustrations is provided in lodge to understand technical concepts and terminology for effective advice with others involved in route pattern and construction. This section explains how to read and interpret:

• Programme views
• Profile views
• Cross-section views
• Typical views
• Summary of quantities tables

The plan ready consists of structure drawings and specifications for each section of road or project. The four well-nigh common views of plans utilized by the designer are programme views, cross-section views, profile views, and typical views. Each of these is defined in Table ii-1. Examples and descriptions for interpreting each of these views are provided below. Each engineering program includes a legend defining abbreviations and symbols as well as a summary of plan quantities tabular array.

Tabular array two-i | Definitions of views

View	Definition
Plan	A drawing depicting a portion of the road projection from a bird'due south eye view.
Profile	A cartoon depicting the vertical plane section forth the longitudinal centerline of the road, expressed in elevation or gradient.
Cross-section	A drawing depicting a horizontal department of the road viewed vertically, as if cut beyond the width of the road.
Particular	A cartoon depicting features of a item blueprint, installation, construction or methodology.
Source: Keller and Sherar 2003

2.4.1 Program view

The plan view shows the existing and proposed road locations from a bird's heart view. It is important to note that program sets, in particular road plans, historically displayed distances in meters. This exercise was discontinued nationwide in the early 2000s and distances are now displayed in U.s.a. Customary Units (feet). The proposed road is usually designated with solid lines (Figure 2-2A). The solid centerline (of the road to be constructed) is divided into 100 human foot sections (large ticks), oft with 20 foot subdivisions also designated (modest ticks—not shown). Each 100 foot division is called a station, representing a discrete, surveyed, and identifiable signal within the road corridor. Each station is identified with a unique number that indicates its altitude from the beginning of the project. For example, the station nineteen+000 indicates this point is 19,000 feet from the first of the project; 19+040 indicates this betoken is nineteen,040 feet from the start. This short-hand identifier is too used to indicate the placement of route-related infrastructure, such equally culverts, the offset and end of guard-track structure, or the placement of a sign. In the field, stations are identifiable equally vertically aligned numbers written on wooden stakes and driven into the basis, facing the roadway. Detailed location of elements off of the roadway tin can so be identified by station along the centerline of the alignment plus the offset distance dimension from the edge of roadway pavement. This will appear as a +0.00 note on the field stake. Not only exercise the stations provide locations, they assist to locate revegetation units. The plans as well show the tiptop of the cut slope (Figure two-2B, dotted line), bottom of the make full slopes (Figure 2-twoC, dashed lines), and the location of the original road, which will exist obliterated in this example (Figure 2-iiD, shaded area). Plans as well include temporary structure easement lines (Figure 2-twoD (outside line)) and right-of-way lines (ROW or R/Due west). These are, in upshot, the belongings lines of the roadway and an important boundary for the designer.

Effigy two-2 | Example program view

ii.4.2 Contour View

The profile view is a trace of a vertical aeroplane intersecting a detail surface of the proposed route construction (Figure 2-iiiEastward). It corresponds to the longitudinal centerline of the road bed in the plans. Profile class means either height or gradient of the trace, depending on the context. The trace of the existing road is shown every bit a dashed line (Effigy ii-3F) and a dotted line (Figure 2-3G). A vertical scale provides useful information about the profile of construction grades throughout the project. This view shows where the proposed route volition be lower than the existing route (Figure 2-3H) and areas where information technology volition exist higher (Figure 2-3 I). Where the planned road is lower, material will ordinarily be removed and used in areas needing fill. Additional data is often displayed side by side to and locatable by the station numbers, such as volumes of excavation and beach work, baby-sit-rail placement, or wall placements.

Figure 2-three | Example profile view

2.4.3 Cross-Department View

Cross-sections are views of the slopes perpendicular to the direction of the road. They display a vertical section of the basis or structure at right angles to the centerline or baseline of the roadway. Depending on the length and topographic complexity of the road, at that place can be hundreds of cross-sections. Each cross-department is referenced back to a station. For example, the cross-department shown in Effigy 2-iv depicts the slope at Station 18+940. It shows the proposed road (Figure 2-4J), and the natural basis line equally a dotted line (Figure 2-four K). This section will have material brought in and placed every bit fill (Figure ii-450). The cross-section in Figure ii- five shows a through cut at 19+000. Material will be removed from the natural ground line (Effigy two-5One thousand) to the proposed ground line/solid line (Figure two-5 Thou).

Figure 2-4 | First example cross-department

Cross-department and programme views are used together to view the proposed road three-dimensionally. From these views, a more detailed revegetation program tin exist developed. Each cross-section can be reviewed and a set of revegetation criteria tin exist adult for like cross-sections throughout the project.

Cross- sections show the proposed slope gradients for cut and fill up slopes and provide the designer a ways to determine slope steepness. Like stationing, the method of depicting slopes has changed over the years. Older program sets oftentimes depicted slopes equally a ratio of one unit horizontal to one unit vertical. Several years agone, however, slope ratios were brought more in line with other disciplines and are now depicted as one unit vertical to 1 unit horizontal (vertical:horizontal). When slopes are flatter than ane:one (45° or 100%), the gradient is expressed as the ratio of one unit vertical to the number of units horizontal. For slopes steeper than 1:1, the slope ratio is expressed equally number of units vertical to 1 unit of measurement horizontal. To avoid defoliation, it is wise to notate the ratio by indicating the vertical and horizontal, for example 1V:2H, and to think in terms of rise over run (Effigy three-61).

Figure 2-5 | 2d example cross-section

two.iv.4 Typical Views

Typical views graphically illustrate the design or structure details of the structures or other components that will be encountered in the road project (Figure 2-half-dozen). They can embrace such structures every bit retaining walls, road surfaces, guardrails, ditch lines, plant installation, etc. They may be shown in profile, cross-department, or plan views (Figure ii-7). Similar special contract requirements (encounter above), typical views are useful in helping communicate a new or modified approach to an existing methodology or construction technique.

Figure ii-6 | Case typical view

Figure 2-7 | Example typical view of installation trail and turnout

2.4.5 Summary of Quantities Table

Tabulation of plan quantities tables contain details on quantities, types of materials, and performance specifications. Standardized specifications for construction of federal roads are described in the FHWA handbook: Standard Specifications for Construction of Roads and Bridges on Federal Highway Projects. The specifications are cited as "FP-03," or "FP-14", indicating "Federal Project" Standard Specifications issued in 2003 or 2014, respectively. The country departments of transportation have coordinating manuals. Tabulation of program quantities references not only the item item specification number in the FP manual, but likewise the station number(s) of the planned work. Information of special interest for the designer includes the number of hectares of clearing and grubbing, hectares of obliterated roads listed past station, and the number of cubic meters of wood mulch to be produced. The summary of quantities table provides a summary of all tabulation of plan quantity tables contained within the plan. It by and large does not include station numbers.

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Source: http://www.nativerevegetation.org/learn/manual_2017/chpt2_initiation/2_4_road_constr_plans.aspx