What Were the French and Indian War Fighting Over Again
Milestones: 1750–1775
French and Indian War/Seven Years' War, 1754–63
The French and Indian War was the Northward American conflict in a larger imperial war between Great United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland and French republic known as the Vii Years' State of war. The French and Indian State of war began in 1754 and concluded with the Treaty of Paris in 1763. The state of war provided Great United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland enormous territorial gains in Due north America, but disputes over subsequent frontier policy and paying the war'south expenses led to colonial discontent, and ultimately to the American Revolution.
Map from the French and Indian War
The French and Indian War resulted from ongoing frontier tensions in Northward America as both French and British royal officials and colonists sought to extend each country's sphere of influence in frontier regions. In North America, the state of war pitted France, French colonists, and their Native allies against Bully Britain, the Anglo-American colonists, and the Iroquois Confederacy, which controlled most of upstate New York and parts of northern Pennsylvania. In 1753, prior to the outbreak of hostilities, Great United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland controlled the xiii colonies up to the Appalachian Mountains, but beyond lay New French republic, a very large, sparsely settled colony that stretched from Louisiana through the Mississippi Valley and Great Lakes to Canada. (Encounter Incidents Leading upwardly to the French and Indian War and Albany Program)
The edge between French and British possessions was not well divers, and ane disputed territory was the upper Ohio River valley. The French had constructed a number of forts in this region in an endeavour to strengthen their merits on the territory. British colonial forces, led past Lieutenant Colonel George Washington, attempted to miscarry the French in 1754, just were outnumbered and defeated by the French. When news of Washington's failure reached British Prime number Minister Thomas Pelham-Holles, Duke of Newcastle, he called for a quick undeclared retaliatory strike. However, his adversaries in the Chiffonier outmaneuvered him by making the plans public, thus alerting the French Regime and escalating a distant borderland skirmish into a full-scale war.
General Edward Braddock
The state of war did not begin well for the British. The British Government sent General Edward Braddock to the colonies as commander in main of British North American forces, but he alienated potential Indian allies and colonial leaders failed to cooperate with him. On July 13, 1755, Braddock died subsequently being mortally wounded in an ambush on a failed expedition to capture Fort Duquesne in present-mean solar day Pittsburgh. The war in North America settled into a stalemate for the next several years, while in Europe the French scored an important naval victory and captured the British possession of Minorca in the Mediterranean in 1756. However, after 1757 the war began to turn in favor of Uk. British forces defeated French forces in Republic of india, and in 1759 British armies invaded and conquered Canada.
Facing defeat in Northward America and a tenuous position in Europe, the French Government attempted to appoint the British in peace negotiations, but British Minister William Pitt (the elder), Secretary for Southern Affairs, sought not only the French cession of Canada but likewise commercial concessions that the French Regime found unacceptable. After these negotiations failed, Spanish King Charles III offered to come to the aid of his cousin, French King Louis XV, and their representatives signed an alliance known as the Family Compact on August 15, 1761. The terms of the understanding stated that Spain would declare war on Great britain if the war did non end before May 1, 1762. Originally intended to pressure level the British into a peace agreement, the Family unit Compact ultimately reinvigorated the French will to continue the war, and caused the British Government to declare war on Kingdom of spain on January 4, 1762, later on biting infighting amidst Rex George 3'due south ministers.
Despite facing such a formidable alliance, British naval strength and Spanish ineffectiveness led to British success. British forces seized French Caribbean islands, Spanish Cuba, and the Philippines. Fighting in Europe concluded after a failed Spanish invasion of British ally Portugal. Past 1763, French and Castilian diplomats began to seek peace. In the resulting Treaty of Paris (1763), United kingdom secured significant territorial gains in North America, including all French territory eastward of the Mississippi river, as well as Spanish Florida, although the treaty returned Cuba to Spain.
Unfortunately for the British, the fruits of victory brought seeds of trouble with Great Great britain'southward American colonies. The war had been enormously expensive, and the British government's attempts to impose taxes on colonists to aid cover these expenses resulted in increasing colonial resentment of British attempts to expand imperial authorization in the colonies. British attempts to limit western expansion by colonists and inadvertent provocation of a major Indian state of war further angered the British subjects living in the American colonies. These disputes ultimately spurred colonial rebellion, which eventually developed into a full-scale state of war for independence.
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Source: https://history.state.gov/milestones/1750-1775/french-indian-war
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